Learning outcomes

1. Interpretation of data

1. Describe the brain to brain cycle, for each phase of the cycle list at least 2 errors that can occur. In which phase do we find the most errors? Which errors most often lead to patient harm?
2. Explain the relationship between biological variation and the reference range.
3. Explain the relationship between disease and cut-off value.
   1. how this relationship affects diagnostic sensitivity and specificity
   2. how it relates to the predictive values of the test
4. Explain how we obtain data to determine clinical sensitivity specificity, positive and negative predictive values? How do we determine the cut-off value?
5. Describe how you will locally establish a reference range for a selected marker. Discuss:
   1. how to define "health" for selecting a reference population.
   2. how to get a sufficient number of probands in the reference population for each subgroup (age, sex, race ...).
6. Using the example of current Ca prostate screening, explain the salient features of meaningful screening and discuss the possible drawbacks of the currently proposed approach.
7. List the components of the critical difference calculation and discuss the consequences of changing these components on the interpretation of two consecutive values of the same analyte.

Study text where you can find answers.

2. ABR, kidney, liver

1. Explain the algorithm by which we assess acid-base and blood gas disorders. Apply the algorithm to any combination of pH, pCO₂, BE_ECT, Cl_cor and AG values in real patients. Determine the type of ABR disorder, its cause, and finally outline the basic treatment strategy
2. Explain the importance of the compensation chart and demonstrate its use using a specific example.
3. Explain the relationship between the changes:
   1. pH and calcemia; 
   2. Glycaemia and natremia
4. Compare GFR estimates based on serum creatinine and serum cystatin. Give examples of when it is appropriate to use which estimate.
5. Combine ALT, ALP and bilirubin results to determine the underlying cause of elevation of any one or a combination of these markers.

3. Hematology

1. Define the term anemia.
2. Describe the symptoms of anemia syndrome.
3. Describe the causes of sideropenic and pernicious anaemia.
4. List at least 4 laboratory signs of multiple myeloma.
5. Characterise APL (acute promyelocytic leukaemia).
6. Describe the laboratory diagnosis of TTP (thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura).
7. Define the term AIHA and list the different types.
8. Describe the principle of APTT and briefly describe the principle of the diagnosis of prolonged APTT.
9. List the 2 basic principles of haemophilia therapy.
10. Describe the basic criteria of antiphospholipid syndrome.

3.1. E-learning

1. Divide the types of thrombocytopenia according to the pathophysiology of the occurrence.
2. Explain the concept of pseudothrombocytopenia and describe the mechanism of its occurrence.
3. Explain the concept of IPF and what this test is used for.
4. List at least 3 symptoms of thrombocytopenia.
5. Describe the principle of prolonged PT in patients with liver cirrhosis
6. List the types of polyglobulia and describe the mechanism of their occurrence.
7. List at least 3 treatments for primary polycythemia.